一、定义:用在n.(或相当于n.的其它词类、短语或从句)之前,说明其与句子中另一成分的关系的词,又称前置词。
二、分类:3种
1. 简单介词(simple prepositions)
e.g. about, above, behind, besides, down, during, in, near, round, since, towards, with
2. 复合介词(compound prepositions)
e.g. from among, from behind, from under, inside, outside, within, without, into, onto, out of, upon, throughout
3. 短语介词(phrasal prepositions)
e.g. according to, apart from(除……之外), as a result of, as for/to(至于,关于),
because of, due to(由于), in addition to(除……之外,不但= besides, in front of,
in spite of(尽管), instead of, owing to(由于)
三、常见简单介词的基本用法
1.about 1)关于,有关 e.g.
i have not heard so much ~ him. i don’t know what you’re talking ~.
2)差不多,大约 e.g.
about 500 ss attended the lecture. about when will you go abroad?
3)表示地点:在周围,在附近,各处,到处 e.g.
trees are planted ~ the lake.
they live somewhere~ the people’s square.
don’t leave your books~ your desk. i haven’t any small change ~/on me.
4)“即将”(近期将来)e.g.
the film is ~ to begin. it’s nearly 7:00. the train is ~ to leave.
2.above 1)在……上方 e.g.
a bird is flying above the woods. there is a portrait above the blackboard.
2)(在数量上)超过 e.g.
the man is not yet forty, but well ~thirty.
the number of new ss this year is ~four hundred.
3)(能力等)胜过,超越;因太困难、太好而不…… e.g.
the problem is ~ me. (这问题太难我不懂。)
john is ~ all the other ss in mathematics.
3.across 1)在……对面/对过 e.g.
my uncle lives ~ my home. there is a bookshop ~ the street.
2)横越,横过 e.g.
the little girl helped the blind man ~ the river.
the tall tree fell down ~ the street.
3)经过…… e.g.
the revolution developed across the whole century.共19页,当前第1页12345678910111213141516171819
4.after 1)在……后(时间) e.g.
after work/class, we went home except him.
the day ~ tomorrow we will go to shanghai.
2)在……的后面(顺序) e.g.
please shut/ close the door after/behind you.
3)仿照,按照(引申意义) e.g.
read after me , please. rewrite the following sentences ~ the model.
a new church will be built ~the old one.
4)追求(引申意义) e.g.
what are you after? oh, here is the thing i’m after.
if you run ~ two hares, you’ll catch neither.
5)固定词组: e.g.
after all look after = take care of
5.against 1)靠,倚,碰 e.g.
the rain was beating~ the windows. he put the ladder against the wall.
he was leaning ~the window, reading. the man saw a hare run ~ a tree.
2)反对,禁止(引申意义) e.g.
we are for peace and ~war. is there anybody ~ the suggestion?
3)违反,违背(引申意义) e.g.
this sentence is ~grammar.
in the old days girls were married ~ their own will.
nobody should do anything ~the law.
4)顶着,对着 e.g.
we played the first half (上半场)~ the wind.
learning is like sailing a boat ~ the current(气流).
治学如同逆水行舟。
5)防备,准备(引申意义) e.g.
they saved fire wood(干柴)~ winter. man is fighting a battle ~ pollution.
6.along 顺着,沿着 e.g.
trees are planted ~ the street.
walking ~ nanjing road yesterday, i met an old friend of mine.
7.among 在……当中/中间≥3 e.g.
xiao sun is the best one ~ his classmates. the teacher is sitting~ the ss.共19页,当前第2页12345678910111213141516171819
8.around 1)在……的周围,围绕 e.g.
she wears a necklace/watch ~ her neck/wrist.
the earth turns /goes/ travels ~ the sun.
2)在……各处 e.g.
he did a lot of travel ~ the country during the summer holidays.
we showed our japanese friends ~ our school.
3)大约(时间、数量) e.g.
around / about thirty years old a big elephant may weigh ~five tons.
4)在……那边 e.g.
there is a school shop ~ the school library.
around the corner of the street, you’ll see a second-hand bookshop.
(旧书店)
9.at 1)表示时间、地点、价钱、速度、年龄 e.g.
at ten o’clock at the school at the age of 40
at (a speed of ) 150 kilometres an hour
people like to buy eggs from him because he sells at a lower price.
note: 表示价格时,at须和price连用,如只说具体价钱,则用。e.g.
i bought this dictionary for 60 yuan.
2)表示动作之方向、目的:朝,向 e.g.
he threw a stone at a dog. the fox ran at the boy.
he shot at the bird, but missed it /didn’t shoot it .
3)处于某种状态(引申意义) e.g.
we are at meeting. the two countries are at war. 共19页,当前第3页12345678910111213141516171819
4)表示引起某种情绪的原因。 e.g.
we are surprised at your success. they were sad at hearing such bad news.
5)在……号召,召集,请求下(引申意义) e.g.
he wrote the letter at our request.
in october 1986, queen elizabeth ii of the great britain visited china at
the invitation of the chinese government.
6)固定词组中: e.g.
at first, at last, at (the )most, at (the )least, at once, at present, at home,
at night, at the beginning, at the same time, not at all etc.
10.before 1)在……的前面(位置)反义 behind e.g.
he was standing ~ the class, ready to speak.
never put the cart before the horse. 不要本末倒置。
2)在……以前(时间)反义 after e.g.
hand in your paper~ sunday. we get up ~ six every morning.
11.behind 1)在……的后面(位置) e.g.
the garage(车库)is ~ the house. he came out from ~ the door.
2)迟于,晚于,误时/点 e.g.
the train is behind time.
the plane was two hours ~ time because of the storm.
3)劣于,不如,落后 e.g.
my old father is behind the times.
because of his illness, he is ~ the others in his studies.
12.below 1)在……下面 e.g.
his office is below mine. the temperature today is ~ freezing point.
2)低于 e.g.
he is below me in the class.
13.beside 1)在……的旁边 e.g.
he sat beside me at dinner. the city’s largest stadium stands ~ a lake.
2)相比(引申意义) e.g.
my english is poor beside yours.共19页,当前第4页12345678910111213141516171819
3)离题,与……无关 e.g.
this is ~ the topic for discussion.
what you are talking about is ~the point.
14.besides 除……之外(还) e.g.
we all went to beijing ~ our teacher.
i like mathematics, physics, besides english.
besides being the largest city in china, shanghai is also the centre of
industry, education, science and culture.
besides:表示加法,“除了……还有……”
except:表示减法,“把……不算在其中” e.g.
he likes different kinds of sports besides football.
he likes different kinds of sports except football.
其它运动项目 + 足球≠足球不在内的多种不同运动项目
note: expect for (除去部分与前面叙述内容不属于同一范畴)e.g.
his composition is good except for some spelling mistakes.
(expect for在意义上=except that)
15.between 1) 在两者之间 e.g.
come to my office between 10 and 11 o’clock.
what’s the difference between“between”and“among”?
2)表示两者以上的相互关系 e.g.
after they each touched the elephant, the six blind men quarreled
between themselves.
there is some little difference between the three words.
note: between & among e.g.
the village lies between the three hills. the teacher is sitting among the ss.
16.beyond 1)远在……之外 e.g.
they came from beyond the seas (海外).
the accident happened beyond the square.
beyond the village is a river. 村那面有条河.
2)超过,胜过,为……所不及 e.g.
the book is beyond me. 这本书我看不懂。
17.but 1)除了……之外( = except) e.g.
they all liked the film ~him. no one ~me was in the office just now.
i had nothing in the world but a million-pound note.
there is nothing for supper but some noodles.
notes: ①but prep.常与否定词连用;②but prep.可跟不定式。e.g.
the hibernating animals have no choice but to lie down and sleep.共19页,当前第5页12345678910111213141516171819
i did nothing but watch tv last night.
i had nothing to do
如but前面有do或某种形式时, 常省略to。
2)用于固定词组中。 e.g.
① cannot help but do不能不…;忍不住… ②anything but根本不,决不
② nothing but只有,只不过是… ④but for要不是
i could not help but cry. 我忍不住哭了出来。
my income is anything but large. 我的收入绝对不能算多。
she is anything but honest. 她决非诚实之辈。
this is nothing but a joke.
but for the doctor, i might have died long ago.
18.by 1)靠近,在……旁边 e.g.
the new library stands by the river. there is a tall tree by the river.
he was standing by the window, reading.
2)由……旁边经过,路过,沿着 e.g.
i go by his office every day. he passed by me without saying a word.
3)用……方法/手段 e.g.
by bike, train, bus, plane, air, water, sea
the little match girl earned her living by selling matches.
rice seedlings (稻秧)used to be planted by hand.
4)表示程度、尺寸、数量、时间 e.g.
he is paid by the hour. what’s the time by your watch?
in the 100-metre race, john beat dick by a shoulder.
5)到……时候,不迟于 e.g.
i’ll return the books to him by wednesday morning.
he’ll certainly come by 5 o’clock..
by the end of last week, we had learned 15 units.
6)依据,奉命 e.g.
never judge people by their appearance / what they wear.共19页,当前第6页12345678910111213141516171819
7)组成介词短语 e.g.
by and by (不久) one by one(一个个地)
day by day(天天不断地) step by step(一步步地)
side by side(肩并肩) little by little(逐渐地)
by chance (偶然,碰巧) by heart(默记下来)
by oneself(独自地) by the way(顺便提 / 问一下)
19.down 1)往下 e.g.
the boy fell down the stairs and broke his arm.
it was almost dark when he went down the hill.
2) up down
城市、北、河上游、近处 乡村、南、河下游、远处 e.g.
they were swimming up /down the river. i’ll go up to tianjin tomorrow.
do you see the man walking down the street? he’s my uncle.
(并非路面此高彼低,而是那个人离说话人而去。)
20.during 在……的期间 / 时候 e.g.
the story happened ~ the (american) civil war.
during the day, the light comes in through the window.
lao wang was in charge of the factory ~ the manager’s absence.
go over your lessons ~ your holidays.共19页,当前第7页12345678910111213141516171819
21.except 除……以外 e.g.
we have lessons except sunday.
22.for 1)为了(表示目的,指人、物) e.g.
i came here for my pen. what are you doing that for?
i bought the watch for my wife’s brother as a present.
2)赞成,支持(表示同意、愿望等) e.g.
i don’t like summer, i’m for cool weather. we are for peace and against war.
3)替,为,对于,供 e.g.
i wrote a letter for him. (i wrote a letter to him.是何义?)
i’ll read the report for you. (i’ll read the report to you. 是何义?)
that’ll be bad for your health.
4)就……而言 e.g.
you look young for your age.
the temperature is still above 33℃. it’s certainly hot for september.
5)表示目的:去,向 e.g.
let’s go for a walk /dinner. the train for taiyuan
6)限定于,供……用的,给……的 e.g.
these tickets are for tomorrow.
there is a tv set, a telephone and other necessities. they are all for you.
7)当作,作为 e.g.
we took him for an honest man.
8)由于,因为……的缘故 e.g.
he was sent to prison for stealing.
9)it is /was + adj. /n. + for/ of sb. to do sth.
23.from 1)自从,来自 e.g.
i am (come) / was (came) from wuhan. 我是武汉人 /我从武汉来。
susan comes from a working class family.
2)离……(有多远) e.g.
my office is far from here. the park is just five minutes’ walk from here.
3)表示原因,来源 e.g.
suffer from die from/ of
4)固定词组中 e.g.
⑴be made from/ of ⑵from the (very)beginning
⑶from beginning to end ⑷from morning to/till evening/night
⑸from now /then /today on ⑹from time to time共19页,当前第8页12345678910111213141516171819
⑺from day to day ⑻from bad to worse
⑼from village to village(house ,person,…)⑽be absent from
⑾be different from ⑿prevent…(from)doing…
24.in 1)在……范围和空间内 e.g.
in a village in a tree in the bed in the sun in the rain in her hand
there are many apples on the apple tree.
2)在某种状态、境遇下;穿着某种衣服 e.g.
he nodded in satisfaction. she is in white /blue /yellow /green /red.
3)表示时间:a. 在……世纪,……年……月 e.g.
in the 20th century in may, 1983 in the 1870s
note: in the thirties ≠ in his thirties
在30年代 在他三十几岁时
b. 从现在算起若干时间以后。e.g.
he will come back in two weeks. (how soon)
c. 在……时间内 e.g.
rome was not built in a day. (英谚: 大器晚成)
zhou yu ordered zhuge liang to make 100,000 arrows in one month.
liang did it in three days.
4)在……方面 e.g.
i’m weak in english.
in building socialism, we need to learn good experience from other nations.
have some/ no difficulty /trouble (in)doing …
5)表示方式、手段 e.g.
in english in pen /pencil with a pen/pencil
in a bus /train by bus /train on his bike
6)固定词组 e.g.
in all总共,总计 in public 公开地 in turn 轮流地
in one’s opinion在某人看来 in secret 秘密地 in return作为回报
in short总之 in need (of)需要 in a way在某种意义上,从某种意义上说
in fact in front of in (the)future in time in trouble in a word共19页,当前第9页12345678910111213141516171819
in other words in a hurry in spite of 尽管 in the world
25.like 象,似,和……一样 e.g.
to swim like a fish
like lei feng, we must serve the people heart and soul.
in his opinion, coca cola tastes like medicine.
26.near 1)在……的附近 e.g.
don’t sit near the tv set, you may get near-sighted.
our school is quite near my home.
2)将近(时间) e.g.
it’s lunch time. shall we stop work? he is near twenty years old.
note: near与 near to同义,near普遍。但在比较级及最高级中,to不能省。
he lives nearer / nearest to the department store.
27.of 1)“的”(所有格)。 e.g.
the name of the book the map of hangzhou
the legs of the desk the tail of a pig
2)表示同位关系。 e.g.
the city of rome /pisa/tianjin the town of youguzhuang
i’m sending my best wishes to the two of you for a happy life.
3)用在表示数量、种类等意义的词组中。 e.g.
a piece of chalk a glass of bear a cup of tea
a group of ss a kind of food a lot of time/ books
4)表示动宾关系。 e.g.
the defence of yan’an love of study / one’s country
this book is helpful to my study of english.
parents’ love of children is most touching.
5)用于某些比较级和最高级的结构中。 e.g.
of the two brothers which is the taller? of all fruits i like orange best.
of all the stars in the sky, the sun is the nearest to us / the earth.
of all the ss in our class, chen yilong is the tallest.共19页,当前第10页12345678910111213141516171819
note: 在带这种of短语的句子中,比较级前要用the。 e.g.
of the horse and dog, which runs the faster?
6)of 与age, height, size, weight, colour连用时可以省略。 e.g.
i have a daughter (of) your age.
we are (of) the same age, height, weight, size.
28.off 1)从……离开,分离 e.g.
keep off the grass. while cleaning the window, he fell off the chair.
2)扣除 e.g.
if you buy a dozen, i will give you 10% off the price.
you can get ten points for each correct answer. but if your answer is wrong,
10 points will be taken off you.
29.on 1)表示接触(不一定在上面) e.g.
there are a few flies on the ceiling. there is a picture on the wall.
i want to be a sailor sailing on the sea.
2)在某天、某天的早晨、上午、晚上 e.g.
on saturday / wednesday on oct10th,XX
on the morning /evening of oct10 /the bicycle race
3)原始概念“接触”,引申意义“在进行中”e.g.
on fire on sale
he is on duty now. they are on holiday in dalian.
4)关于,论及 e.g.
on practice《实践论》 a book on english /radio
he is on the committee.他是委员会委员之一。 (属于)
have you any idea on the subject? this book is on basic english grammar.
a lecture will be given on how to use prepositions.
5)(表示时间)在……时候;刚一……就 e.g.
he said hello on seeing me.
on hearing the news, they jumped with joy.
on his (kunta’s) arrival he was sold to a farmer and worked in the fields.
6)固定结构 e.g.
⑴on duty ⑵on time ⑶on fire ⑷on the one hand ⑸on the other hand
⑹on display(展出) ⑺on sale(出售) ⑻ on leave(在休假)
⑼on purpose(故意) ⑽ on the whole(总的说来)⑾on the left /right
⑿on the spot(当场) ⒀on and off =off and on(断断续续) 共19页,当前第11页12345678910111213141516171819